{"id":21895,"date":"2019-08-25T17:20:34","date_gmt":"2019-08-25T14:20:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=21895"},"modified":"2019-08-30T17:23:54","modified_gmt":"2019-08-30T14:23:54","slug":"%d8%a8%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%ac-glass-structure-%d8%a3-%d8%af-%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%b4%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=21895","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c  (Glass Structure)  \u0623.\u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: right\"><strong>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right\"><strong>(<\/strong><strong>Glass Structure<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right\"><strong>\u0623.\u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right\"><strong>\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \/ \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 (Ceramic) \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1925 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u00a0\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0630\u064a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646 (Warren) \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 (X.R.D.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (Link) \u00a0\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0631 (Bridged) \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0622\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a(Tetrahedron) \u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21896\" src=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/qqqq.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"314\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/qqqq.jpg 314w, https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/qqqq-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\" \/>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 (Tetrahedron) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 (SiO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(Inter-atonic force) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>Field strength*<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>Z\/r<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>Ionic radius (A)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Ion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>56.7<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.23<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>B<sup>+3<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>40.8<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.35<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>P<sup>+5<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>21.6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.42<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Si<sup>+4<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>14.2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.53<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Ge<sup>+4<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>11.5<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.51<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Al<sup>+3<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>8.7<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.68<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Ti<sup>+4<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>6.4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.79<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Zr<sup>+4<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>7.9<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.71<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Sn<sup>+4<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>4.6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.66<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Mg<sup>+2<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>3.6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.74<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Zn<sup>+2<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>2.2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.68<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Li<sup>+<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>2.1<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.99<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Ca<sup>+2<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>1.6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>1.12<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Sr<sup>+2<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>1.4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>1.20<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Pb<sup>+2<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>1.1<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>0.97<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Na<sup>+<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>1.1<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>1.34<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Ba<sup>+2<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">\n<h3><strong>0.6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">\n<h3><strong>1.33<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>K<sup>+<\/sup><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"387\">\n<h3><strong>Z = valency, r = ionic radius<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 (Long-range) \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0629 (broken-up) \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21897\" src=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/fffffffffffffffd.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"278\" height=\"168\" \/>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0623\u0635\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 CaO \u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629Si &#8211; O &#8211; Si \u2261) \u00a0\u2261( \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0Si &#8211; O &#8211; Ca &#8211; O- Si \u2261)\u2261(.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21899\" src=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/Captureffd.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"391\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/Captureffd.jpg 391w, https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/Captureffd-300x162.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 391px) 100vw, 391px\" \/>\u00a0\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064aCa<sup>+2<\/sup><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Na<sup>+<\/sup>) \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 NaO \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631)\u2261 Si \u2013 O \u2013 Na<sup>+<\/sup> | Na<sup>+<\/sup> \u2013 O \u2013 Si \u2261( \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21900\" src=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bbbbv.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bbbbv.jpg 348w, https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bbbbv-300x253.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\" \/>\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 Na<sup>+<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 (PbO) \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0643\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a Pb<sup>+2<\/sup> \u00a0\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u00a0\u00a0SiO<sub>4<\/sub>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21901\" src=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bbbbbbbbbbbv.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"441\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bbbbbbbbbbbv.jpg 441w, https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bbbbbbbbbbbv-300x153.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/>\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 Pb<sup>+2<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(Network modifiers).<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 AI<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 (Amphoteric oxides) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 Conditional glass formers)) \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 AI<sup>+3<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 Si<sup>+4<\/sup>.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Electro \u2013 neutrality) \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 (Hole)\u060c \u0623\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 AlO<sub>4<\/sub> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u00a0\u00a0AI<sup>+3<\/sup> \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 O<sup>+2<\/sup>.<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21902\" src=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bvbvbvb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"437\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bvbvbvb.jpg 437w, https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/bvbvbvb-300x159.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px\" \/>\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 Al<sup>+3<\/sup> \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 Si<sup>+4<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a M<sup>+<\/sup><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u00a0(Glassy State)\u0641\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644(short and long range) \u00a0\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c) \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 range) (short \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u00a0\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u00a0 (Eutectic Point) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21903\" src=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/gggffff.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"398\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/gggffff.jpg 398w, https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/08\/gggffff-300x210.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\" \/><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 (1) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 (2) \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 (3) , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 (4) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 Tg \u2013 T\u0192 .<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Single bond Strength<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>Coordination no.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>Valence<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Cation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"11\" width=\"104\">\n<h3><strong>Glass network formers<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>119<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>B<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>106<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Si<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>108<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Ge<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>101-79<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Al<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>89<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>B<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>111-88<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>5<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>P<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>112-90<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>5<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>V<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>87-70<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>5<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>As<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>85-68<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>5<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Sb<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>81<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Zr<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>72<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>\u201c <\/strong><strong>2 <\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Zn<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" width=\"104\">\n<h3><strong>Inter-mediates<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>73<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong> 2 <\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Pb<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>53-67<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Al<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>61<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>8<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Zr<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>60<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong> 2 <\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Cd<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>20<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>1<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Na<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" width=\"104\">\n<h3><strong>Modifiers<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>13<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>9<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>1<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>K<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>32<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>8<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Ca<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>37<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Mg<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>36<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Zn<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>39<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">\n<h3><strong>6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<h3><strong>4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">\n<h3><strong>Pb<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">1- Taylor, J. R.; Bull, A. C., Ceramics Glaze Technology, Pergamon Press, London, 1986.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">2- Worral, W. E., Raw Materials, Institute of Ceramic Text Book series, Part I, Maclaren and Sons, Ltd., London, 1964.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">3- Bartenev, G. M., The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Inorganic Glass, Trans. By F. E. Jaray Wolters, Noordhoff Publishing, Groningen, Netherlands, 1970.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">4- Singer, F.; Singer, S., Industrial Ceramics, Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1963.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">5- Hamer, Frank, The Potter\u2019s Dictionary of Materials and Techniques, Pitman Publishing, London, 1975.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">6- Paul, A., Chemistry of Glasses, Chapman &amp; Hall, London, 1982.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">7- Norton, F. H., Elements of Ceramics, Addsion-Wesley Pub. Co., Inc., USA, 1974.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c (Glass Structure) \u0623.\u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \/ \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a &#8230; <a class=\"cz_readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/cofarts.uobaghdad.edu.iq\/?p=21895\"><i class=\"fa fa-angle-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21895","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - 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